Why Russian aspectual prefixes aren’t empty

Prefix		V(O)Z-
Methodology
iz-
o(b)-
ot-
pere-
pod-
pri-
raz-
u-
v-
v(o)z-
vy-

Submeaning Description Example Example gloss

1. MOVE UPWARD Move up Ja vzbežal po lestnice I ran up the stairs

2. AGITATE Become agitated, emotionally involved Klavdija voznenavidela mat' Klavdija began to hate her mother

3. RESIST Act against smth Golodnyje raby vzbuntovalis' The hungry slaves revolted

4. REBUILD Reconstruct, return to initial state On vosstanovil xramy He restored the temples

Submeaning	Description	Example	Example gloss
1. MOVE UPWARD	Move up	Ja vzbežal po lestnice	I ran up the stairs
2. AGITATE	Become agitated, emotionally involved	Klavdija voznenavidela mat'	Klavdija began to hate her mother
3. RESIST	Act against smth	Golodnyje raby vzbuntovalis'	The hungry slaves revolted
4. REBUILD	Reconstruct, return to initial state	On vosstanovil xramy	He restored the temples

1. MOVE UPWARD
Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vostoržestvovat’ triumph over toržestvovat’ triumph m

vostrebovat’ call for, demand trebovat’ need, demand m

voznesti(s’) bring up, raise nesti carry, bring n

vozobladat’ prevail over obladat’ possess m

vozomnit’ to get a false idea of one’s own importance mnit’ think, imagine much of oneself m

vozrasti grow up, increase rasti grow (intrans.) m

vozvesti erect a building, elevate (e.g. to the throne) vesti lead n

vozvysit’(sja) raise, elevate, rise vysit’(sja) tower n

vozymet’ conceive (a wish, intention) imet’ have, possess m

vskormit’ raise, nurture kormit’ feed m

vsplyt’ rise up to the surface plyt’ swim n

vzbežat’ run up bežat’ run n

vzdorožat’ rise in price dorožat’ rise in price m

vzletet’ fly up letet’ fly n

vzmyt’ shoot upwards (of a bird) myt’ wash n

vzobrat’sja climb up brat’sja touch, lay hands upon n

vzojti rise, go up idti go, walk n

vzrastit’ foster rastit’ grow (trans.) m

vzvalit’ load, lift upon valit’ throw down n

vzvesit’(sja) weigh (by raising an object) vešat’ weigh n

vzvesti lead up, cock a gun vesti lead n

vzvit’sja rise extremely fast, fly up, soar (of bird), go up (of flags) vit’sja wind, curl n

vzyskat’ call to account, make answer for iskat’ search m

Specialized Perfectives (24)

1. MOVE UPWARD
Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vostoržestvovat’	triumph over	toržestvovat’	triumph	m
vostrebovat’	call for, demand	trebovat’	need, demand	m
voznesti(s’)	bring up, raise	nesti	carry, bring	n
vozobladat’	prevail over	obladat’	possess	m
vozomnit’	to get a false idea of one’s own importance	mnit’	think, imagine much of oneself	m
vozrasti	grow up, increase	rasti	grow (intrans.)	m
vozvesti	erect a building, elevate (e.g. to the throne)	vesti	lead	n
vozvysit’(sja)	raise, elevate, rise	vysit’(sja)	tower	n
vozymet’	conceive (a wish, intention)	imet’	have, possess	m
vskormit’	raise, nurture	kormit’	feed	m
vsplyt’	rise up to the surface	plyt’	swim	n
vzbežat’	run up	bežat’	run	n
vzdorožat’	rise in price	dorožat’	rise in price	m
vzletet’	fly up	letet’	fly	n
vzmyt’	shoot upwards (of a bird)	myt’	wash	n
vzobrat’sja	climb up	brat’sja	touch, lay hands upon	n
vzojti	rise, go up	idti	go, walk	n
vzrastit’	foster	rastit’	grow (trans.)	m
vzvalit’	load, lift upon	valit’	throw down	n
vzvesit’(sja)	weigh (by raising an object)	vešat’	weigh	n
vzvesti	lead up, cock a gun	vesti	lead	n
vzvit’sja	rise extremely fast, fly up, soar (of bird), go up (of flags)	vit’sja	wind, curl	n
vzyskat’	call to account, make answer for	iskat’	search	m

Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vospol’zovat’sja make use of pol’zovat’sja make use of m

vozmužat’ reach maturity mužat’ reach maturity m

vskarabkat’sja climb up karabkat’sja climb up n

vzgromozdit’sja tower, clamber up gromozdit’sja tower, clamber up n

vzlelejat’ foster lelejat’ foster m

Natural Perfectives (6)

Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vospol’zovat’sja	make use of	pol’zovat’sja	make use of	m
vozmužat’	reach maturity	mužat’	reach maturity	m
vskarabkat’sja	climb up	karabkat’sja	climb up	n
vzgromozdit’sja	tower, clamber up	gromozdit’sja	tower, clamber up	n
vzlelejat’	foster	lelejat’	foster	m

2. AGITATE
Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vozbudit’(sja) excite, arouse budit’ awake m

vozljubit’ come to love ljubit’ love m

vozmutit’(sja) anger, rouse the indignation mutit’(sja) turbid, stir up m

voznenavidet’ conceive hatred, come to hate nenavidet’ hate m

vskričat’ exclaim kričat’ shout m

vskryt’(sja) open, unceal kryt’(sja) cover n

vsporot’ rip open porot’ rip, unstitch n

vspylit’ suddenly get angry, fly into a rage pylit’ spread dust m

vzbit’ shake, fluff up, whip up bit’ beat n

vzbresti come into one’s head bresti wander m

vzdumat’(sja) make up one’s mind, suddenly make a decision dumat’(sja) think m

vzdut’(sja) blow up, inflate; swell; hit dut’(sja) blow; swell n/m

vzlomat’ break open (e.g. a lock) lomat’ break n

vzmoknut’ become all wet moknut’ soak, be wet n

vzmolit’sja beseech, suddenly start beggin molit’(sja) beg, pray m

vzorvat’(sja) explode rvat’(sja) tear n

vzrevet’ set up a fearful howl, let out a roar revet’ roar, howl m

vzvintit’ twist up; anger vintit’ screw m

vzvyt’ set up a howl vyt’ howl, wail m

vzygrat’ leap (for joy); become disturbed igrat’ play, shine m

Specialized Perfectives (21)

2. AGITATE
Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vozbudit’(sja)	excite, arouse	budit’	awake	m
vozljubit’	come to love	ljubit’	love	m
vozmutit’(sja)	anger, rouse the indignation	mutit’(sja)	turbid, stir up	m
voznenavidet’	conceive hatred, come to hate	nenavidet’	hate	m
vskričat’	exclaim	kričat’	shout	m
vskryt’(sja)	open, unceal	kryt’(sja)	cover	n
vsporot’	rip open	porot’	rip, unstitch	n
vspylit’	suddenly get angry, fly into a rage	pylit’	spread dust	m
vzbit’	shake, fluff up, whip up	bit’	beat	n
vzbresti	come into one’s head	bresti	wander	m
vzdumat’(sja)	make up one’s mind, suddenly make a decision	dumat’(sja)	think	m
vzdut’(sja)	blow up, inflate; swell; hit	dut’(sja)	blow; swell	n/m
vzlomat’	break open (e.g. a lock)	lomat’	break	n
vzmoknut’	become all wet	moknut’	soak, be wet	n
vzmolit’sja	beseech, suddenly start beggin	molit’(sja)	beg, pray	m
vzorvat’(sja)	explode	rvat’(sja)	tear	n
vzrevet’	set up a fearful howl, let out a roar	revet’	roar, howl	m
vzvintit’	twist up; anger	vintit’	screw	m
vzvyt’	set up a howl	vyt’	howl, wail	m
vzygrat’	leap (for joy); become disturbed	igrat’	play, shine	m

Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vskipet’ boil; rage kipet’ boil (intrans.) n/m

vskipjatit’(sja) boil; rage kipjatit’(sja) boil (trans.) n/m

vskosmatit’(sja) make shaggy kosmatit’(sja) make shaggy n

vspaxat’ plow paxat’ plow n

vspenit’(sja) make foam, froth penit’(sja) froth, foam n

vspološit’(sja) rouse, alarm pološit’(sja) rouse, alarm m

vspotet’ sweat potet’ sweat n

vspučit’(sja) distend (of stomach) pučit’(sja) distend (of stomach) n

vspuxnut’ swell up puxnut’ swell up n

vspuzyrit’sja bubble, effervesce puzyrit’sja bubble, effervesce n

vstoporščit’(sja) bristle toporščit’(sja) bristle n

vstopyrit’(sja) stick out, bristle topyrit’(sja) stick out, bristle n

vstrevožit’(sja) disturb, make worried trevožit’(sja) disturb, make worried m

vz’’erepenit’sja bristle suddenly erepenit’sja bristle m

vz’’erošit’(sja) tousle erošit’(sja) tousle n

vz’’eršit’(sja) ruffle eršit’(sja) ruffle n

vzbalamutit’ stir up, trouble (water); disturb (fig.) balamutit’ stir up, trouble (water); disturb (fig.) n/m

vzbesit’(sja) infuriate, drive mad besit’(sja) infuriate, drive mad m

vzbodrit’ cheer up bodrit’ cheer up m

vzboltat’ shake up (liquids) boltat’ stir, shake n

vzboronit’ furrow boronit’ furrow n

vzboronovat’ furrow boronovat’ furrow n

vzborozdit’ furrow borozdit’ furrow n

vzbudoražit’(sja) disarrange, agitate budoražit’(sja) disarrange, agitate m

vzbulgačit’ agitate, excite bulgačit’ agitate, excite m

vzdrjučit’ beat with a stick, thrash drjučit’ beat with a stick, thrash m

vzdvoit’ split, double dvoit’ split, double m

vzdybit’sja tousle, rear up (especially about a horse), stick up dybit’sja tousle, rear up (especially about a horse), stick up n

vzgret’ punish, beat, scold gret’ punish, beat, scold m

vzloxmatit’(sja) tousle loxmatit’(sja) tousle n

vzmutit’ make turbid, stir up mutit’ make turbid, stir up n

vzopret’ sweat pret’ sweat n

vzryxlit’ (of soil) make friable ryxlit’ (of soil) make friable n

vzvolnovat’(sja) disturb, worry volnovat’(sja) disturb, worry m

Natural Perfectives (34)

Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vskipet’	boil; rage	kipet’	boil (intrans.)	n/m
vskipjatit’(sja)	boil; rage	kipjatit’(sja)	boil (trans.)	n/m
vskosmatit’(sja)	make shaggy	kosmatit’(sja)	make shaggy	n
vspaxat’	plow	paxat’	plow	n
vspenit’(sja)	make foam, froth	penit’(sja)	froth, foam	n
vspološit’(sja)	rouse, alarm	pološit’(sja)	rouse, alarm	m
vspotet’	sweat	potet’	sweat	n
vspučit’(sja)	distend (of stomach)	pučit’(sja)	distend (of stomach)	n
vspuxnut’	swell up	puxnut’	swell up	n
vspuzyrit’sja	bubble, effervesce	puzyrit’sja	bubble, effervesce	n
vstoporščit’(sja)	bristle	toporščit’(sja)	bristle	n
vstopyrit’(sja)	stick out, bristle	topyrit’(sja)	stick out, bristle	n
vstrevožit’(sja)	disturb, make worried	trevožit’(sja)	disturb, make worried	m
vz’’erepenit’sja	bristle suddenly	erepenit’sja	bristle	m
vz’’erošit’(sja)	tousle	erošit’(sja)	tousle	n
vz’’eršit’(sja)	ruffle	eršit’(sja)	ruffle	n
vzbalamutit’	stir up, trouble (water); disturb (fig.)	balamutit’	stir up, trouble (water); disturb (fig.)	n/m
vzbesit’(sja)	infuriate, drive mad	besit’(sja)	infuriate, drive mad	m
vzbodrit’	cheer up	bodrit’	cheer up	m
vzboltat’	shake up (liquids)	boltat’	stir, shake	n
vzboronit’	furrow	boronit’	furrow	n
vzboronovat’	furrow	boronovat’	furrow	n
vzborozdit’	furrow	borozdit’	furrow	n
vzbudoražit’(sja)	disarrange, agitate	budoražit’(sja)	disarrange, agitate	m
vzbulgačit’	agitate, excite	bulgačit’	agitate, excite	m
vzdrjučit’	beat with a stick, thrash	drjučit’	beat with a stick, thrash	m
vzdvoit’	split, double	dvoit’	split, double	m
vzdybit’sja	tousle, rear up (especially about a horse), stick up	dybit’sja	tousle, rear up (especially about a horse), stick up	n
vzgret’	punish, beat, scold	gret’	punish, beat, scold	m
vzloxmatit’(sja)	tousle	loxmatit’(sja)	tousle	n
vzmutit’	make turbid, stir up	mutit’	make turbid, stir up	n
vzopret’	sweat	pret’	sweat	n
vzryxlit’	(of soil) make friable	ryxlit’	(of soil) make friable	n
vzvolnovat’(sja)	disturb, worry	volnovat’(sja)	disturb, worry	m

3. RESIST
Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vozderžat’sja abstain from deržat’(sja) hold m

vozrazit’ raise an objection razit’ strike, hit m

vzbuntovat’sja revolt, rebel buntovat’sja revolt, rebel m

Specialized Perfectives (3)

3. RESIST
Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vozderžat’sja	abstain from	deržat’(sja)	hold	m
vozrazit’	raise an objection	razit’	strike, hit	m
vzbuntovat’sja	revolt, rebel	buntovat’sja	revolt, rebel	m

Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vosprepjatstvovat’ hinder, impede prepjatstvovat’ hinder, impede m

vosprotivit’sja resist, oppose protivit’sja resist, oppose m

vz’’erepenit’sja bristle, become annoyed erepenit’sja bristle, become annoyed m

vzbuntovat’ incite to revolt buntovat’ revolt, rebel m

Natural Perfectives (4)

Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vosprepjatstvovat’	hinder, impede	prepjatstvovat’	hinder, impede	m
vosprotivit’sja	resist, oppose	protivit’sja	resist, oppose	m
vz’’erepenit’sja	bristle, become annoyed	erepenit’sja	bristle, become annoyed	m
vzbuntovat’	incite to revolt	buntovat’	revolt, rebel	m

4. REBUILD
Lemma Gloss Base Base gloss n/m

vosstanovit’(sja) restore, renew stanovit’(sja) set, become m

vozrodit’(sja) revive rodit’(sja) give birth m

vozvratit’(sja) return, give back vorotit’(sja) turn m

vspomnit’(sja) recall to mind pomnit’(sja) remember m

Specialized Perfectives (5)

4. REBUILD
Lemma	Gloss	Base	Base gloss	n/m
vosstanovit’(sja)	restore, renew	stanovit’(sja)	set, become	m
vozrodit’(sja)	revive	rodit’(sja)	give birth	m
vozvratit’(sja)	return, give back	vorotit’(sja)	turn	m
vspomnit’(sja)	recall to mind	pomnit’(sja)	remember	m

Natural Perfectives: not attested