Semantic Profiling

Chapter 3 "Big Prefixes: Semantic Profiling" aims to prove that the prefixes retain their meanings when they form Natural Perfectives. Chapter 2 analyzed the eleven “small” prefixes using the radial category profiling method. In this chapter we analyze the remaining five “big” prefixes, po-, s-, za-, na-, and pro-, using the semantic profiling method. Whereas the big prefixes pose a challenge for radial category profiling because they combine with a large number of verbs, this abundance is actually an advantage for semantic profiling. Semantic profiling requires data in larger quantities than are available for the small prefixes. Thus the two methods are complementary. Semantic profiling is analysis of the distribution of semantic tags. The Russian National Corpus (RNC) contains semantic tags that classify verbs according to their meanings. We thus have access to an independent classification of the meanings of verbs, and it is possible to see how these classifications are distributed across the prefixes used to form Natural Perfectives.

Statistical analysis

This website gives you access to the data and the statistical analyses that are reported in Chapter 3. This way you can both inspect the data and run the analyses yourself on your own computer. We will guide you through all the steps and provide some commentary, but if you are interested in learning more about using statistical analysis of linguistic data, we recommend that you consult the following books:

Baayen, R. Harald. 2008. Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics Using R. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Gries, Stefan Th. 2009. Statistics for Linguistics with R. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Johnson, Keith. 2008. Quantitative Methods in Linguistics. Blackwell: Malden, MA.

How to download R

You can download the R statistical software package to your computer from the R project webpage.

How to download and run the files from this website

On this webpage we offer you files that you can download with the ".R" extension. These are called "R scripts". You can download them by right-clicking on the links on this page. It is important that you download them to your home directory in your computer so that R can find them. If you do not know where your home directory is, you can also copy and paste the R commands from the scripts directly into the R window (see "Alternative methods for running R scripts" below). The R scripts contain all the commands that R needs in order to run the statistical tests. You can open the scripts if you like and see all the commands. We provide commentary on each command in lines that begin with the "#" symbol (R itself ignores all these lines) in order to help you follow along.

How to run the files from this website in R

After you have downloaded an R script, you can open the R program on your computer. At the ">" prompt, type in: source("") and put the name of the R script you want to run between the quotation marks. For example, you can enter a line that looks like this: > source("Ch3Table1.R") and when you hit the return key, R will run the R script and give you all of the results as output.

Alternative methods for running R scripts

If you simply click on the links with the R scripts, you can then copy and paste all of the code into the R window and R will run the commands and give you the same results. Another option is to download the R script to any location in your computer you want to and provide the path to the file when you use the source command. For example, you can enter a line that looks like this: > source("/Users/janedoe/Downloads/Ch3Table1.R") for Mac users or > source("C://Documents/Ch3Table1.R") for PC users. If you do not know the path, you can open your finder to where the R script is and then drag and drop that file into an open R window placing it after the cursor prompt ">". When you do this, R will tell you what the path to the file is and you can copy and paste that into the source command.

Evaluation of Table 1: Chi-square test and effect size

Dowload this R script to your home directory: Ch3Table1.R and run it according to the directions above. It will give you the chi-squared value, the degrees of freedom, the p-value, and the effect size. You can open and read the commentary in the R script to see how it is done.

CORRECTION: In the original version, there was an error in the calculation of the Cramer’s V value. The actual value is somewhat lower, but still indicates a large effect size. Here is an R script that gives the correct value: Ch3Table1Correct.R.

Expected values for Table 1

We used a simple formula involving the row and column totals in order to calculate the expected values for all the cells in Table 1. Here it is:

expected value = (row sum x column sum) / total sum

The total sum for Table 1 is 382, and all of the row and column totals are listed in Table 1 in Chapter 3. Download this R script to your home directory: Ch3Table1.exp.values.R and run it according to the directions above. It will compute and print out for you all of the expected values for Table 1 in Chapter 3.

Fisher Test values in Table 2

The Fisher Test values reported in Table 2 in Chapter 3 were calculated using this Fisher's Exact Test Calculator. For the cells in Table 1 where the expected value was less than the observed value, we calculated a right-sided p-value. These results are reported with [+] in Table 2 and indicate the probability that we would get this many items or more in the cell given the overall distribution of items. This includes, for example, the cells for pro-/‘sound’ & ‘speech’, po-/‘changest’, etc. For the cells in Table 1 where the expected value was greater than the observed value, we calculated a left-sided p-value. These results are reported with [-] in Table 2 and indicate the probability that we would get this many items or fewer in the cell given the overall distribution of items. This includes, for example, the cells for za-/‘sound’ & ‘speech’, po-/‘impact’, etc. The Fisher test calculates that chance of getting the same or an even more extreme value given the overall distribution of values in a matrix. In order to compute the Fisher test probability, you need to put in four values. These values relate the value in the cell to the sum for the row, the sum for the column, and the sum for the entire table. Here is a sample of the values that would be used for computing the Fisher test probability for pro-/‘sound’ & ‘speech’:

a = value in the given cell
= 51 b = row total - value in the given cell
= 106 - 51
= 55

c = column total - value in the given cell
= 65 - 51
= 14 d = table total - value in the given cell - b - c
= 382 - 51 - 55 - 14
= 262

When we insert these values into the Fisher test calculator on the website and click on compute, it returns the probabilities. Because a = 51 is greater than the expected value (which is only 18 according to the calculations above), we want to know the chances that a could be this large or larger given the overall distribution, so we calculate a right-sided value. The calculator lists this as “prob a >= 51” and gives us the value 2.946e-21. This is the probability that we could get 51 or more verbs in this cell, and is the same as the value that we report in Table 2 in Chapter 3. Below are all of the values needed to use the calculator for the combinations of prefixes and semantic tags, following the cells in Table 1 and indicating which probability (prob a <= x or prob a >= x) should be used, according to the relative sizes of the actual and expected values. You can use these to compute the Fisher test probabilities found in Table 2 of Chapter 3.

CORRECTION: In the original version, there was an error in the calculation of d in this table. This resulted in the incorrect calculation of Fisher test p-value. The table below gives the correct d and the next table shows the correct Fisher test p-values.

semantic tag po- s- na- za- pro-

‘impact’ a = 11, b = 111
c = 110, d = 150
prob a <= 11 a = 23, b = 99
c = 43, d = 217
prob a >= 23 a = 31, b = 91
c = 28, d = 232
prob a >= 31 a = 47, b = 75
c = 24, d = 236
prob a >= 47 a = 10, b = 112
c = 55, d = 205
prob a <= 10

‘changest’ a = 62, b = 40
c = 59, d = 221
prob a >= 62 a = 11, b = 91
c = 55, d = 225
prob a <= 11 a = 3, b = 99
c = 56, d = 224
prob a <= 3 a = 22, b = 80
c = 49, d = 231
prob a >= 22 a = 4, b = 98
c = 61, d = 219
prob a <= 4

‘behav’ a = 11, b = 41
c = 110, d = 220
prob a <= 11 a = 23, b = 29
c = 43, d = 287
prob a >= 23 a = 17, b = 35
c = 42, d = 288
prob a >= 17 a = 1, b = 51
c = 70, d = 260
prob a <= 1 a = 0, b = 52
c = 65, d = 265
prob a <= 0

‘sound’ &‘speech’ a = 37, b = 69
c = 84, d = 192
prob a >= 37 a = 9, b = 97
c = 57, d = 219
prob a <= 9 a = 8, b = 98
c = 51, d = 225
prob a <= 8 a = 1, b = 105
c = 70, d = 206
prob a <= 1 a = 51, b = 55
c = 14, d = 262
prob a >= 51

semantic tag	po-	s-	na-	za-	pro-
‘impact’	a = 11, b = 111 c = 110, d = 150 prob a <= 11	a = 23, b = 99 c = 43, d = 217 prob a >= 23	a = 31, b = 91 c = 28, d = 232 prob a >= 31	a = 47, b = 75 c = 24, d = 236 prob a >= 47	a = 10, b = 112 c = 55, d = 205 prob a <= 10
‘changest’	a = 62, b = 40 c = 59, d = 221 prob a >= 62	a = 11, b = 91 c = 55, d = 225 prob a <= 11	a = 3, b = 99 c = 56, d = 224 prob a <= 3	a = 22, b = 80 c = 49, d = 231 prob a >= 22	a = 4, b = 98 c = 61, d = 219 prob a <= 4
‘behav’	a = 11, b = 41 c = 110, d = 220 prob a <= 11	a = 23, b = 29 c = 43, d = 287 prob a >= 23	a = 17, b = 35 c = 42, d = 288 prob a >= 17	a = 1, b = 51 c = 70, d = 260 prob a <= 1	a = 0, b = 52 c = 65, d = 265 prob a <= 0
‘sound’ &‘speech’	a = 37, b = 69 c = 84, d = 192 prob a >= 37	a = 9, b = 97 c = 57, d = 219 prob a <= 9	a = 8, b = 98 c = 51, d = 225 prob a <= 8	a = 1, b = 105 c = 70, d = 206 prob a <= 1	a = 51, b = 55 c = 14, d = 262 prob a >= 51

semantic tag po- s- na- za- pro-

‘impact’ [-] 4e-12 [+] 0.33 [+] 0.0003 [+] 3.7e-11 [-] 0.0009

‘changest’ [+] 6.3e-13 [-] 0.03 [-] 5.8e-06 [+] 0.22 [-] 6.3e-06

‘behav’ [-] 0.052 [+] 6.5e-07 [+] 0.0006 [-] 0.0001 [-] 2.8e-05

‘sound’ &‘speech’ [+] 0.23 [-] 0.003 [-] 0.005 [-] 1.9e-10 [+] 3e-21

semantic tag	po-	s-	na-	za-	pro-
‘impact’	[-] 4e-12	[+] 0.33	[+] 0.0003	[+] 3.7e-11	[-] 0.0009
‘changest’	[+] 6.3e-13	[-] 0.03	[-] 5.8e-06	[+] 0.22	[-] 6.3e-06
‘behav’	[-] 0.052	[+] 6.5e-07	[+] 0.0006	[-] 0.0001	[-] 2.8e-05
‘sound’ &‘speech’	[+] 0.23	[-] 0.003	[-] 0.005	[-] 1.9e-10	[+] 3e-21

Full list of verbs in this study

There are 382 verbs in this study, and a full list of these verbs, arranged according to the five prefixes and the semantic tags, is shown on this page. The table below shows what semantic tags are attracted to, neutral to or repulsed from each prefix. The listings in the table work as a hyperlink: if you click on it, you will be directed to the full list of verbs representing this class.

RUS / ENG page

Each page exists in two versions: Version RUS provides all the Russian data using the Cyrillic alphabet, while Version ENG provides the same data transliterated into the Latin alphabet. Note that the lists of verbs are organized in Russian alphabetic order.

prefix po- s- na- za- pro-

Attractions 62 ‘changest’ verbs 23 ‘behav’ verbs
23 ‘impact’ verbs 31 ‘impact’ verbs
17 ‘behav’ verbs 47 ‘impact’ verbs 51 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs

Neutral 37 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs
11 ‘behav’ - - 22 ‘changest verbs’ -

Repulsions 11 ‘impact’ verbs 9 ‘speech’ verbs
11 ‘changest’ verbs 3 ‘changest’ verbs
8 ‘speech’ verbs 1 ‘behav’ verb
1 ‘speech’ verb 4 ‘changest’ verbs
10 ‘impact’ verbs

prefix	po-	s-	na-	za-	pro-
Attractions	62 ‘changest’ verbs	23 ‘behav’ verbs 23 ‘impact’ verbs	31 ‘impact’ verbs 17 ‘behav’ verbs	47 ‘impact’ verbs	51 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs
Neutral	37 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs 11 ‘behav’	-	-	22 ‘changest verbs’	-
Repulsions	11 ‘impact’ verbs	9 ‘speech’ verbs 11 ‘changest’ verbs	3 ‘changest’ verbs 8 ‘speech’ verbs	1 ‘behav’ verb 1 ‘speech’ verb	4 ‘changest’ verbs 10 ‘impact’ verbs

Attractions: 62 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

pobagrovet’ turn purple

pobelet’ turn white

poblednet’ turn pale

pobleknut’ lose color

poburet’ turn brown

povzroslet’ mature

povlažnet’ become damp

poglupet’ become stupid

pogolubet’ turn blue

podeševet’ become cheaper

podlinnet’ become longer

podorožat’ increase in price

podurnet’ grow ugly

poželtet’ turn yellow

pozdorovet’ turn recuperate

pozelenet’ turn green

pozelenit’ paint green

pozlatit’sja turn golden

pozolotet’ turn golden

pokrasnet’ turn red

pokrupnet’ grow larger

polevet’ shift leftward

polegčat’ lessen, abate

polilovet’ turn violet

pomolodet’ get younger-looking

pomračnet’ turn dark

pomutnet’ muddy

pomjagčet’ get soft

poplotnet’ grow stout; become dense

popolnet’ grow stout

popravet’ shift rightward

poprostet’ become unpretentious

poredet’ thin out

porozovet’ turn pink

poryžet’ turn reddish

porjabet’ get speckled

posaxarit’ sugar

posvežet’ freshen

posedet’ turn gray

poseret’ turn grizzly

poser’eznet’ become serious

poseč’sja tear

posivet’ turn gray

posizet’ turn blue-gray

posinet’ turn dark blue

posmirnet’ become quiet

posmuglet’ turn swarthy

pospet’ ripen

posurovet’ become severe

poteplet’ get warmer

potončat’ become thin

potreskat’sja split

potusknet’ turn dim

potusknut’ turn dim

poumnet’ grow wiser

poxolodet’ cool down

poxolodnet’ cool down

poxorošet’ grow prettier

poxrabret’ become braver

poxudat’ get slimmer

poxudet’ get slimmer

počernet’ turn black

Attractions: 62 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
pobagrovet’	turn purple
pobelet’	turn white
poblednet’	turn pale
pobleknut’	lose color
poburet’	turn brown
povzroslet’	mature
povlažnet’	become damp
poglupet’	become stupid
pogolubet’	turn blue
podeševet’	become cheaper
podlinnet’	become longer
podorožat’	increase in price
podurnet’	grow ugly
poželtet’	turn yellow
pozdorovet’	turn recuperate
pozelenet’	turn green
pozelenit’	paint green
pozlatit’sja	turn golden
pozolotet’	turn golden
pokrasnet’	turn red
pokrupnet’	grow larger
polevet’	shift leftward
polegčat’	lessen, abate
polilovet’	turn violet
pomolodet’	get younger-looking
pomračnet’	turn dark
pomutnet’	muddy
pomjagčet’	get soft
poplotnet’	grow stout; become dense
popolnet’	grow stout
popravet’	shift rightward
poprostet’	become unpretentious
poredet’	thin out
porozovet’	turn pink
poryžet’	turn reddish
porjabet’	get speckled
posaxarit’	sugar
posvežet’	freshen
posedet’	turn gray
poseret’	turn grizzly
poser’eznet’	become serious
poseč’sja	tear
posivet’	turn gray
posizet’	turn blue-gray
posinet’	turn dark blue
posmirnet’	become quiet
posmuglet’	turn swarthy
pospet’	ripen
posurovet’	become severe
poteplet’	get warmer
potončat’	become thin
potreskat’sja	split
potusknet’	turn dim
potusknut’	turn dim
poumnet’	grow wiser
poxolodet’	cool down
poxolodnet’	cool down
poxorošet’	grow prettier
poxrabret’	become braver
poxudat’	get slimmer
poxudet’	get slimmer
počernet’	turn black

Neutral: 37 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs (35 ‘speech’ and 2 ‘sound’)
Lemma Gloss

poblagodarit’ thank

pobožit’sja swear

povinit’sja confess

povorožit’ tell fortunes

pogutorit’ chat

požalit’sja complain

požalobit’sja complain

požalovat’sja complain

pozvat’ call

pozvonit’sja ring

pozdorovat’sja say hello

pointeresovat’sja be curious about

pokljast’sja swear

polajat’sja bark

pomolit’sja pray

poobeščat’ promise

poobeščat’sja promise

popenjat’ blame

poprivetstvovat’ welcome

poprosit’ request

poprosit’sja ask for

poručit’sja guarantee

posetovat’ complain

posmejat’sja laugh

posovetovat’sja get advice

posporit’ argue

posulit’ promise

posulit’sja promise

potoropit’ hurry

potrebovat’ require

poxvalit’ praise

poxvalit’sja boast

poxvastat’ brag

poxvastat’sja brag

poxodatajstvovat’ intercede

pocapat’sja bicker

pošutit’ make a joke

Neutral: 37 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs (35 ‘speech’ and 2 ‘sound’)
Lemma	Gloss
poblagodarit’	thank
pobožit’sja	swear
povinit’sja	confess
povorožit’	tell fortunes
pogutorit’	chat
požalit’sja	complain
požalobit’sja	complain
požalovat’sja	complain
pozvat’	call
pozvonit’sja	ring
pozdorovat’sja	say hello
pointeresovat’sja	be curious about
pokljast’sja	swear
polajat’sja	bark
pomolit’sja	pray
poobeščat’	promise
poobeščat’sja	promise
popenjat’	blame
poprivetstvovat’	welcome
poprosit’	request
poprosit’sja	ask for
poručit’sja	guarantee
posetovat’	complain
posmejat’sja	laugh
posovetovat’sja	get advice
posporit’	argue
posulit’	promise
posulit’sja	promise
potoropit’	hurry
potrebovat’	require
poxvalit’	praise
poxvalit’sja	boast
poxvastat’	brag
poxvastat’sja	brag
poxodatajstvovat’	intercede
pocapat’sja	bicker
pošutit’	make a joke

Neutral: 11 ‘behav’
Lemma Gloss

podelikatničat’ be soft on smby.

požadničat’ act greedy

pokuražit’sja swagger

polenit’sja act lazy

poostorožničat’ be over-cautious

poskupit’sja scrimp

poslušat’sja obey

postesnjat’sja be shy

potešit’sja amuse

poxlopotat’ hustle about

poceremonit’sja stand on ceremony

Neutral: 11 ‘behav’
Lemma	Gloss
podelikatničat’	be soft on smby.
požadničat’	act greedy
pokuražit’sja	swagger
polenit’sja	act lazy
poostorožničat’	be over-cautious
poskupit’sja	scrimp
poslušat’sja	obey
postesnjat’sja	be shy
potešit’sja	amuse
poxlopotat’	hustle about
poceremonit’sja	stand on ceremony

Repulsions: 11 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

pobrit’ shave

pobrit’sja shave

podoit’ milk

podrat’sja fight

pokolotit’ wallop

pokorobit’ warp

pokryt’ cover

pokusat’ bite

počesat’sja scratch oneself

poščekotat’ tickle

poščupat’ touch, feel

Repulsions: 11 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
pobrit’	shave
pobrit’sja	shave
podoit’	milk
podrat’sja	fight
pokolotit’	wallop
pokorobit’	warp
pokryt’	cover
pokusat’	bite
počesat’sja	scratch oneself
poščekotat’	tickle
poščupat’	touch, feel

Attractions: 23 ‘behav’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

svelikodušničat’ do something generous

sglupit’ do something stupid

sdvurušničat’ be a double-dealer

s”exidničat’ speak maliciously

sžulit’ cheat

sžul’ničat’ cheat

slevačit’ work on the side

sliberal’ničat’ play the liberal

slovčit’ dodge

slukavit’ be cunning

smalodušestvovat’ act like a coward (once)

smalodušničat’ act like a coward (once)

smošenničat’ cheat

smuxlevat’ swindle

snaxal’ničat’ be impudent

sobez’janničat’ ape

sozorničat’ play tricks

soriginal’ničat’ do something original

spodličat’ act meanly

sprovocirovat’ provoke

sxalturit’ do something carelessly

sximičit’ contrive

sxitrit’ do something clever

Attractions: 23 ‘behav’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
svelikodušničat’	do something generous
sglupit’	do something stupid
sdvurušničat’	be a double-dealer
s”exidničat’	speak maliciously
sžulit’	cheat
sžul’ničat’	cheat
slevačit’	work on the side
sliberal’ničat’	play the liberal
slovčit’	dodge
slukavit’	be cunning
smalodušestvovat’	act like a coward (once)
smalodušničat’	act like a coward (once)
smošenničat’	cheat
smuxlevat’	swindle
snaxal’ničat’	be impudent
sobez’janničat’	ape
sozorničat’	play tricks
soriginal’ničat’	do something original
spodličat’	act meanly
sprovocirovat’	provoke
sxalturit’	do something carelessly
sximičit’	contrive
sxitrit’	do something clever

Attractions: 23 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

sbrošjurovat’ stitch up

svarganit’ knock off

svarit’ cook

svit’ twist; weave

svjazat’ tie, knit

sdelat’ make, do

sžat’ reap

sžeč’ burn down

skomkat’ crumple

skopnit’ stook

skulemat’ crumple

smasterit’ craft, build

smontirovat’ mount

sostrjapat’ cook

srabotat’ work out

sravnjat’ even out

srubit’ chop down

ssučit’ twist

strenožit’ hobble

sfabrikovat’ fabricate

sfal’cevat’ fold

sfugovat’ joint

sšit’ sew

Attractions: 23 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
sbrošjurovat’	stitch up
svarganit’	knock off
svarit’	cook
svit’	twist; weave
svjazat’	tie, knit
sdelat’	make, do
sžat’	reap
sžeč’	burn down
skomkat’	crumple
skopnit’	stook
skulemat’	crumple
smasterit’	craft, build
smontirovat’	mount
sostrjapat’	cook
srabotat’	work out
sravnjat’	even out
srubit’	chop down
ssučit’	twist
strenožit’	hobble
sfabrikovat’	fabricate
sfal’cevat’	fold
sfugovat’	joint
sšit’	sew

Repulsions: 9 ‘speech’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

sagitirovat’ campaign for

skalamburit’ make a pun

skomandovat’ command

sorientirovat’ orient

sostrit’ make a witty remark

srifmovat’ make a rhyme

storgovat’sja strike a bargain

sformulirovat’ formulate

s”jazvit’ say sth sarcastic

Repulsions: 9 ‘speech’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
sagitirovat’	campaign for
skalamburit’	make a pun
skomandovat’	command
sorientirovat’	orient
sostrit’	make a witty remark
srifmovat’	make a rhyme
storgovat’sja	strike a bargain
sformulirovat’	formulate
s”jazvit’	say sth sarcastic

Repulsions: 11 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

svarit’sja get cooked

sgnit’ rot

sgnoit’ let rot

sžat’sja shrink

skondensirovat’ condense

skosobočit’sja get lopsided

smjagčit’ make softer

sostarit’ age

sostarit’sja age

stvorožit’ curdle

stvorožit’sja curdle

Repulsions: 11 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
svarit’sja	get cooked
sgnit’	rot
sgnoit’	let rot
sžat’sja	shrink
skondensirovat’	condense
skosobočit’sja	get lopsided
smjagčit’	make softer
sostarit’	age
sostarit’sja	age
stvorožit’	curdle
stvorožit’sja	curdle

Attractions: 31 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

nabelit’sja whiten

nabronzirovat’ bronze

navaksit’ polish (shoe)

navorsit’ tease (fibers)

navorsovat’ tease (fibers)

navoščit’ wax

nagljancevat’ glaze

nagofrirovat’ crimp

nakanifolit’ apply rosin

nakostyljat’ give a good drubbing

nakraxmalit’ starch

namalevat’sja paint (ones face)

namelit’ chalk

namylit’ soap

namylit’sja soap (oneself)

naodekolonit’ sprinkle with cologne

naoxrit’ apply ochre

napičkat’ force-feed

naploit’ quill

napomadit’ pomade

napomadit’sja pomade oneself

napryskat’ sprinkle

nasandalit’ apply sandalwood

nasur’mit’ cover with surma

nasur’mit’sja paint onself with dye

nafabrit’ stain (mustaches)

nafabrit’sja stain (mustaches)

naxoxlit’ ruffle up

našinkovat’ shred

našpigovat’ apply lard

namozolit’ work until one has callouses

Attractions: 31 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
nabelit’sja	whiten
nabronzirovat’	bronze
navaksit’	polish (shoe)
navorsit’	tease (fibers)
navorsovat’	tease (fibers)
navoščit’	wax
nagljancevat’	glaze
nagofrirovat’	crimp
nakanifolit’	apply rosin
nakostyljat’	give a good drubbing
nakraxmalit’	starch
namalevat’sja	paint (ones face)
namelit’	chalk
namylit’	soap
namylit’sja	soap (oneself)
naodekolonit’	sprinkle with cologne
naoxrit’	apply ochre
napičkat’	force-feed
naploit’	quill
napomadit’	pomade
napomadit’sja	pomade oneself
napryskat’	sprinkle
nasandalit’	apply sandalwood
nasur’mit’	cover with surma
nasur’mit’sja	paint onself with dye
nafabrit’	stain (mustaches)
nafabrit’sja	stain (mustaches)
naxoxlit’	ruffle up
našinkovat’	shred
našpigovat’	apply lard
namozolit’	work until one has callouses

Attractions: 17 ‘behav’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

nabedokurit’ get into mischief

nabezobrazničat’ behave disgracefully

nabuzit’ make a row

nagrubijanit’ be rude

nadeboširit’ kick up a row

naerundit’ play the fool

nakaverzit’ make tricks

nakaverzničat’ make tricks

nakurolesit’ play tricks

naplevat’ spit

naprokazit’ play pranks

naprokazničat’ play pranks

napyžit’sja puff up

nasvinjačit’ make a dirty act

naxuliganit’ behave like a hooligan

Attractions: 17 ‘behav’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
nabedokurit’	get into mischief
nabezobrazničat’	behave disgracefully
nabuzit’	make a row
nagrubijanit’	be rude
nadeboširit’	kick up a row
naerundit’	play the fool
nakaverzit’	make tricks
nakaverzničat’	make tricks
nakurolesit’	play tricks
naplevat’	spit
naprokazit’	play pranks
naprokazničat’	play pranks
napyžit’sja	puff up
nasvinjačit’	make a dirty act
naxuliganit’	behave like a hooligan

Repulsions: 8 ‘speech’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

nagrubit’ be rude

naderzit’ be fresh with smb.

naklevetat’ gossip

nakljauzničat’ libel

naproročit’ prophesize

naspletničat’ gossip

naxamit’ be rude

najabedničat’ snitch

Repulsions: 8 ‘speech’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
nagrubit’	be rude
naderzit’	be fresh with smb.
naklevetat’	gossip
nakljauzničat’	libel
naproročit’	prophesize
naspletničat’	gossip
naxamit’	be rude
najabedničat’	snitch

Repulsions: 3 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

nadymit’ fill with smoke

naxolodit’ cool

naèlektrizovat’ electrify

Repulsions: 3 ‘changest’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
nadymit’	fill with smoke
naxolodit’	cool
naèlektrizovat’	electrify

Attractions: 47 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

zaasfal’tirovat’ cover with asphalt

zaballastirovat’ load with ballast

zabarrikadirovat’ barricade

zabarrikadirovat’sja barricade oneself

zabetonirovat’ concrete

zabintovat’ bandage

zabodat’ gore

zabronirovat’ reserve

zabutit’ fill with rubble

zavualirovat’ veil

zagatit’ make a brushwood road

zagipsovat’ cover with gypsum

zagudronirovat’ cover road with tar

zadekorirovat’ decorate

zadrapirovat’ drape

zadrapirovat’sja drape

zazubrit’sja get notched

zakamuflirovat’ camouflage

zakonservirovat’ preserve

zakrepit’ fasten

zakristallizovat’ crystallize

zalatat’ patch

zamarkirovat’ mark

zamaskirovat’ mask

zamaskirovat’sja mask

zamesit’ knead

zaminirovat’ mine

zamordovat’ victimize

zamusolit’ slobber all over

zamyzgat’ make filthy

zaplatat’ patch

zaprudit’ dam up

zapjatnat’ soil

zasilosovat’ store in a silo

zaskirdovat’ mow up

zasuslit’ slobber all over

zasusolit’ slobber all over, suck

zatavrit’ brand

zatorcevat’ trim

zatuševat’ shade

zatjukovat’ pack in bales

zaxloroformirovat’ chloroform

zašnurovat’sja lace up

zašpaklevat’ putty

zašpuntovat’ groove

zaštopat’ darn

zaštukovat’ mend

Attractions: 47 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
zaasfal’tirovat’	cover with asphalt
zaballastirovat’	load with ballast
zabarrikadirovat’	barricade
zabarrikadirovat’sja	barricade oneself
zabetonirovat’	concrete
zabintovat’	bandage
zabodat’	gore
zabronirovat’	reserve
zabutit’	fill with rubble
zavualirovat’	veil
zagatit’	make a brushwood road
zagipsovat’	cover with gypsum
zagudronirovat’	cover road with tar
zadekorirovat’	decorate
zadrapirovat’	drape
zadrapirovat’sja	drape
zazubrit’sja	get notched
zakamuflirovat’	camouflage
zakonservirovat’	preserve
zakrepit’	fasten
zakristallizovat’	crystallize
zalatat’	patch
zamarkirovat’	mark
zamaskirovat’	mask
zamaskirovat’sja	mask
zamesit’	knead
zaminirovat’	mine
zamordovat’	victimize
zamusolit’	slobber all over
zamyzgat’	make filthy
zaplatat’	patch
zaprudit’	dam up
zapjatnat’	soil
zasilosovat’	store in a silo
zaskirdovat’	mow up
zasuslit’	slobber all over
zasusolit’	slobber all over, suck
zatavrit’	brand
zatorcevat’	trim
zatuševat’	shade
zatjukovat’	pack in bales
zaxloroformirovat’	chloroform
zašnurovat’sja	lace up
zašpaklevat’	putty
zašpuntovat’	groove
zaštopat’	darn
zaštukovat’	mend

Neutral: 22 ‘changest verbs’
Lemma Gloss

zavšivet’ become lousy

zagrjaznit’ make dirty

zagrjaznit’sja get dirty

zagustet’ thicken

zaindevet’ get covered with frost

zakonspirirovat’ make secret

zakosnet’ stagnate

zalubenet’ harden

zamarinovat’ marinate

zamerznut’ freeze

zamuslit’sja get covered with slobber

zamusolit’sja get covered with slobber

zaplesnevet’ become moldy

zapylit’sja get covered with dust

zarubcevat’sja get covered with a scar

zastudenet’ become jellied

zatverdet’ harden

zatravenet’ get covered with grass

zaxilet’ become sickly

zaxiret’ fall into decay

začaxnut’ wither

zašeršavet’ become rough

Neutral: 22 ‘changest verbs’
Lemma	Gloss
zavšivet’	become lousy
zagrjaznit’	make dirty
zagrjaznit’sja	get dirty
zagustet’	thicken
zaindevet’	get covered with frost
zakonspirirovat’	make secret
zakosnet’	stagnate
zalubenet’	harden
zamarinovat’	marinate
zamerznut’	freeze
zamuslit’sja	get covered with slobber
zamusolit’sja	get covered with slobber
zaplesnevet’	become moldy
zapylit’sja	get covered with dust
zarubcevat’sja	get covered with a scar
zastudenet’	become jellied
zatverdet’	harden
zatravenet’	get covered with grass
zaxilet’	become sickly
zaxiret’	fall into decay
začaxnut’	wither
zašeršavet’	become rough

Repulsions: 1 ‘behav’ verb
Lemma Gloss

zadurit’ become unreasonable

Repulsions: 1 ‘behav’ verb
Lemma	Gloss
zadurit’	become unreasonable

Repulsions: 1 ‘speech’ verb
Lemma Gloss

zakontraktovat’ make a contract

Repulsions: 1 ‘speech’ verb
Lemma	Gloss
zakontraktovat’	make a contract

Attractions: 51 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs (23 ‘sound’ and 28 ‘speech’)
Lemma Gloss

probasit’ talk in a deep voice

probormotat’ mutter

probrenčat’ jingle

probrexat’ yelp, bark

probrjuzžat’ grumble

probrjacat’ clank

probubnit’ mutter

proburčat’ grumble

provereščat’ squeal

proveščat’ prophesy

progavkat’ bark

progogotat’ cackle

progremet’ thunder

progromyxat’ rumble

progroxotat’ crash, rumble

progudet’ buzz

prodeklamirovat’ recite

prodiktovat’ dictate

prozvenet’ ring

prozvučat’ sound, be heard

proinstruktirovat’ instruct

prointerv’juirovat’ interview

proinformirovat’ inform

prokvakat’ croak

prokommentirovat’ comment

prokonsul’tirovat’ offer consultation

prokonsul’tirovat’sja consult

prokričat’ yell

prokukarekat’ crow

prokukovat’ cuckoo

prolajat’ bark

prolepetat’ babble

prolopotat’ splutter

promurlykat’ purr

promyčat’ moo

promjamlit’ hum and haw

promjaukat’ meow

propesočit’ criticize

prosvistet’ whistle

prosignalit’ signal

prosklonjat’ decline; bandy about

prosprjagat’ conjugate

protelegrafirovat’ telegraph

protelefonirovat’ telephone

protjavkat’ yelp

prourčat’ rumble

proxripet’ wheeze

procitirovat’ quote

prošeptat’ whisper

proèkzamenovat’ examine

proèkzamenovat’sja be examined

Attractions: 51 ‘sound’ & ‘speech’ verbs (23 ‘sound’ and 28 ‘speech’)
Lemma	Gloss
probasit’	talk in a deep voice
probormotat’	mutter
probrenčat’	jingle
probrexat’	yelp, bark
probrjuzžat’	grumble
probrjacat’	clank
probubnit’	mutter
proburčat’	grumble
provereščat’	squeal
proveščat’	prophesy
progavkat’	bark
progogotat’	cackle
progremet’	thunder
progromyxat’	rumble
progroxotat’	crash, rumble
progudet’	buzz
prodeklamirovat’	recite
prodiktovat’	dictate
prozvenet’	ring
prozvučat’	sound, be heard
proinstruktirovat’	instruct
prointerv’juirovat’	interview
proinformirovat’	inform
prokvakat’	croak
prokommentirovat’	comment
prokonsul’tirovat’	offer consultation
prokonsul’tirovat’sja	consult
prokričat’	yell
prokukarekat’	crow
prokukovat’	cuckoo
prolajat’	bark
prolepetat’	babble
prolopotat’	splutter
promurlykat’	purr
promyčat’	moo
promjamlit’	hum and haw
promjaukat’	meow
propesočit’	criticize
prosvistet’	whistle
prosignalit’	signal
prosklonjat’	decline; bandy about
prosprjagat’	conjugate
protelegrafirovat’	telegraph
protelefonirovat’	telephone
protjavkat’	yelp
prourčat’	rumble
proxripet’	wheeze
procitirovat’	quote
prošeptat’	whisper
proèkzamenovat’	examine
proèkzamenovat’sja	be examined

Repulsions: 10 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

proburavit’ bore, drill

proburit’ bore, drill

proventilirovat’ ventilate

provejat’ winnow

prodezinficirovat’ apply disinfectant

prodiskovat’ break up soil with a disk-shaped harrow

proizvestkovat’ apply lime (soil)

promotyžit’ hoe

prosverlit’ drill, perforate

protaranit’ ram

Repulsions: 10 ‘impact’ verbs
Lemma	Gloss
proburavit’	bore, drill
proburit’	bore, drill
proventilirovat’	ventilate
provejat’	winnow
prodezinficirovat’	apply disinfectant
prodiskovat’	break up soil with a disk-shaped harrow
proizvestkovat’	apply lime (soil)
promotyžit’	hoe
prosverlit’	drill, perforate
protaranit’	ram

Repulsions: 4 ‘changest’ verbs, 0 ‘behav’ verbs
Lemma Gloss

progorknut’ become bitter

propitat’sja become saturated

proxudit’sja get worn out

projasnet’ clear up

a = value in the given cell = 51	b = row total - value in the given cell = 106 - 51 = 55
c = column total - value in the given cell = 65 - 51 = 14	d = table total - value in the given cell - b - c = 382 - 51 - 55 - 14 = 262

Lemma	Gloss
progorknut’	become bitter
propitat’sja	become saturated
proxudit’sja	get worn out
projasnet’	clear up